Tomorrow, a conference will kick off in the USA discussing what has become popularly known as, 'Multi Level Marketing.' These annual events have lately become controlled by academic advisers to the US Federal Trade Commission.
https://www.mlmconference.com/.
"This conference brings together expertise from regulators, prosecutors, former MLM distributors, social media consumer advocates, researchers, educators, and journalists to discuss ways to improve consumer protection and reduce consumer harm within the multi-level marketing (MLM) industry."
Despite appearances, the explanation of these carefully stage-managed conferences, is both tragic and comic. For the US government continues to cover-up a scandal of unbelievable proportions.
Although, its agents and academic advisers cannot publicly face the embarrassing truth, the FTC has been broadcasting the Big 'Multi-Level Marketing' Lie since 1979. Indeed, this conference itself is broadcasting the same ridiculous 'commercial' fairy story as though it is true. For the 'MLM' phenomenon has never been, and never will be, an 'industry' in the traditional sense of that word. It is, however, an insidious fraud which has been allowed to spread around the world like a contagion, and operate on an industrial scale.
Currently, with notorious 'MLM' promoter, Donald Trump, sat in the Oval Office, in charge of the US Dept. of Justice and the FTC, the chances of any American 'MLM' racketeers being held fully to account for their crimes, are zero. That said, 'MLM' racketeers have been effectively above the law in the USA since the creation of the Big 'MLM' Lie, back in the 1950s.
David Brear (copyright 2026)
____________________________________________________________________
The Big 'Multi-Level Marketing' Lie.
Introduction
In 2006, a UK regulatory agency (the ‘Company
Investigation Branch’ of the ‘Dept. of Trade and Industry’) announced that it
was pursuing a major law enforcement action against ‘Amway UK Ltd.’ In
brief, this privately owned company (first registered in 1973), which was a subsidiary
of a gigantic, American-based, privately owned, multi-national corporation (first
registered in 1959), stood accused of peddling an ‘inherently objectionable
dream-selling scheme’ in contravention of the ‘Fair Trading Act, 1973’ and
the ‘Lotteries and Amusements Act, 1976’. A government Trade minister was about
to file a ‘public interest bankruptcy petition’ in the UK High Court, seeking
the immediate compulsory closure of ‘Amway UK Ltd.’ According to the
regulators, this civil prosecution was the result of ‘the largest ever
investigation of a British company.’ Several truckloads of documentary evidence
had been seized at ‘Amway UK’s’ head office in the Buckinghamshire city
of Milton Keynes. However, after looking beyond a wall of mind-numbing
mathematical and linguistic hocus-pocus, the regulators had initially been
faced with an enigma.
During the thirty + years of ‘Amway UK’s’ existence,
its accountants had never once declared an annual net trading profit. In
fact, in just the period 2000-2006, ‘Amway UK’ had chalked up accumulated
net trading losses of approximately 15 million £. Although this disastrous
company had been haemorrhaging financially, it had been kept alive with cash transfusions
declared as ‘deriving from other Amway subsidiaries in Europe and Asia.’ Yet
for decades, ‘Amway UK Ltd.’ had been allowed to pose as ‘Britain’s most
successful direct selling company offering an entirely legal, government
approved, Multi-Level Marketing income/business opportunity.’ However, completely
contrary to this nonspecific, jargon-laced ‘commercial’ cover-story, prior
to 2006 there had never been the slightest official attempt to determine what was
the real function of this apparently pointless corporate structure. For whilst
‘Amway UK’s’ own comic-book narrative eventually boasted of ‘conducting more
than 12 million £ of sales annually, via approximately eighty thousand UK and
Irish distributors,’ the regulators had now discovered that, in the adult
world of quantifiable reality, the average churn rate for participants in ‘Amway’s’
scheme, had always exceeded 50% per year. Consequently, it was possible to
extrapolate from ‘Amway UK’s’ own seized records, that hundreds of
thousands of recruits had passed through its ‘distributor’ ranks
1972-2006. Indeed, all these people had signed take-it-or-leave-it contracts
which had also labelled them as ‘Independent Business Owners (IBOs).’ Furthermore,
after the deduction of their considerable start up and operating costs, not one
of this expanding flock of transient would-be entrepreneurs had managed to
generate so much as a penny of overall net income lawfully by
regularly retailing ‘Amway’-supplied products, and/or services, to
persons who were not fellow, so-called ‘IBOs.’ Thus, since by design,
there had never been a significant and sustainable source of revenue other than
that deriving from the purchases of ‘Amway UK’s’ own contractors,
the hidden overall net-loss churn rate in the company’s so-called ‘MLM
income/business opportunity,’ was effectively 100%. Yet apparently, virtually
no one had been complaining.
Thus, by 2006, with a bit of guidance, UK regulators had finally
woken up and deduced that the real function of ‘Amway’s’ insolvent
British subsidiary, had been to act as bait in a heavily disguised human trap. For
whilst the UK national media had completely failed to identify it, and the
authorities had done nothing to stop it, year upon year, this insidious
mechanism had been allowed to lure, and churn, an endless chain of fresh UK and
Irish recruits. However, although the overwhelming majority of ‘Amway’s’
unwitting human quarry had remained for less than a couple of years and wasted
a relatively small amount of money, a significant minority (around 5%) with
access to independent funds, and/or credit, had been able to remain in the trap
for extended periods, gradually wasting many thousands of £ and refusing to
listen to anyone trying to reason with them. For even though they had no chance
of establishing a viable business, just like chronic gambling addicts, chronic losers
in ‘Amway’s’ rigged game of ‘commercial’ make-believe were totally
convinced that they would ‘soon become winners, because they had discovered
a sure-fire way to make all their dreams come true.’
So, how can a pile of money be made from a financially
suicidal ‘business model’ that has been deliberately rigged to fail?
In 1967, an American satirical movie offered a memorable
answer to this conundrum. I am of course referring to ‘The Producers,’ written
and directed by Mel Brooks. Whilst this movie went over the heads of certain
humourless critics who described it as ‘controversial,’ in 1968 it won its
author an Academy Award for best original screenplay. Indeed by 1996, ‘The
Producers’ had long-since achieved a ‘cult’ status and was deemed to be of such
‘cultural, historic and aesthetic significance,’ that it was selected by the
Library of Congress to be preserved in the United States National Film Registry.
For Mel Brooks’ had presented the world with a classic comedy double act - Max
Bialystock, an outrageous caricature of a once successful, but now failing, New
York Jewish theatrical producer (evidently suffering from Narcissistic Personality
Disorder) played by Zero Mostel, and Leo Bloom, a deeply insecure Jewish
accountant (evidently suffering from Social Anxiety Disorder) played by Gene
Wilder. In the movie, this pair of physically and psychologically opposite
characters come together and perpetrate an absurd swindle - identified by the
accountant and peddled by the producer. By first building a bedazzling fantasy
of boundless future prosperity, happiness and freedom in his
mind, Bialystock overwhelms an initially reluctant Bloom, and persuades him to
become his partner in crime. He then sets to work seducing a flock of wealthy,
but lonely and vulnerable, old ladies. One by one, Bialystock persuades them to
buy the staggering total of 25 000% of the ‘projected profits’ from, what
he assures them will be, ‘a sure-fire hit stage musical’ which he and
Bloom are producing on Broadway. However, he doesn’t tell them that the show has
been written by a deranged devotee of Adolf Hitler, Franz Liebkind, or that it will
venerate the ‘führer’ and the ‘Nazis.’ For the show,
‘Springtime for Hitler,’ has been carefully selected by its producers with
the hidden criminal motive of offending a sophisticated New York theatre audience
to such an extent, that it will be doomed to close after only one disastrous
performance. Just to make certain that it will immediately bomb, Bialystock and
Bloom recruit an aggressively kitsch transvestite, Roger DeBris, to direct the show,
and they find a drug-fuelled pacifist-hippie, Lorenzo Saint DuBois (LSD), to play Hitler. On opening
night, Bialystock even makes an enemy of the New York Times theatre critic, by
offering him a bribe.
The devious plan being that, seeing as ‘Springtime for
Hitler’ has cost Bialystock and Bloom only a mere fraction of their available
financing to stage, when inevitably it sinks without a trace, the Internal Revenue
Service will have no reason to investigate Bloom’s fraudulent declaration that ‘no
profit was made.’ Moreover, the old ladies who collectively have vastly
over-financed the show, will believe that they simply made a bad investment.
As ill-informed and isolated individuals, they too will have no reason to
suspect fraud. Thus, Bialystock and Bloom will be able quietly to keep
the large pile of excess finance. However, when despite all their sabotage efforts,
‘Springtime for Hitler’ turns out to be a smash hit predicted to ‘run
and run,’ the producers, along with the show’s author, wind up behind bars. Ultimately,
they are seen duplicating the same fraud on their fellow inmates and the prison
warden, with Bialystock and Liebkind directing rehearsals and Bloom
over-selling shares in their latest sure-fire hit production, ‘Prisoners
of Love.’
Now most people would automatically assume that, in the
real world, it wouldn’t be quite so easy to perpetrate essentially the same absurd,
blame-the-victim swindle, albeit hidden behind a far more convoluted and confusing
‘sure fire business model,’ but again one deliberately rigged to fail. A
swindle not just based on the same, one-off, financially suicidal modus
operandi as described above, but now expanded and duplicated on an industrial scale
and baited to keep ensnaring a much wider range of unwitting victims. Indeed,
to the average person, the idea that numerous gangs of copycat charlatans have
been allowed to keep peddling the same rigged game of ‘commercial’ make-believe
as reality, steadily exploiting, isolating and silencing many millions of
losing investors around the world over a period spanning several decades, and thereby
get away with stealing a veritable mountain of money, would seem to be beyond
the bounds of possibility. However, it should be remembered that ‘the best way
of hiding something, is to place it in plain sight and make as big as
you possibly can.’
Thus, I managed to live more than three decades
without ever hearing the made-up technical-sounding phrase, 'Multi-Level
Marketing,’ or its catchy abbreviation, ‘MLM.’ Today, I wish this contagious
nonsense had never entered my life, but unfortunately, I had no choice in the
matter. Whilst reading the history of my own nightmare encounter with the
original 'MLM commercial' cult known as 'Amway' (corruption of 'The
American Way'), bear in mind that, when these disturbing events first started
to unfold, I had no idea of the extraordinary level of danger my family was in,
or of the true nature, extent and power of the phenomenon I was confronted
with. As yet there was no plain language, comprehensive explanation of 'MLM
commercial' cultism readily available. That’s why I began the thankless
task of compiling one as long ago the late 1990s. However, at that time, I was
still trying to find the right words to identify it accurately. Even when I did
find the right words, I discovered that the ugly, but ultimately absurd, truth
about the 'MLM commercial' cult phenomenon was still unthinkable to most
people. The truth being that what has become commonly referred to as, 'the MLM
business model,’ has been nothing more than a classic example of the
notorious, reality-controlling, totalitarian propaganda tactic known as the
'Big Lie.' That is to say, ‘the spreading of a falsehood which is so
colossal and outrageous that the average person cannot even begin to conceive
that anyone would have the audacity to invent it.’ Indeed, when I first
began to challenge the Big 'MLM' Lie, I was faced with the daunting
situation where it had been repeated, largely unchallenged, so often and for so
many years, that a remarkable number of apparently sophisticated and rational
people had come to accept it as the truth. Thus, rendering them incapable
of admitting to their embarrassing mistake.
The situation is still daunting, but lately it has begun
to change in that, mainly due to the Internet, an increasing number of
courageous 'MLM commercial' cult survivors have found accurate information,
as well as mutual support, enabling them to come forward and describe their
essentially identical experiences. Also, whereas in the past many 'MLM' converts
were men, who naturally found it hard to admit to the world that they'd been
duped, lately the majority of persons being lured into, and exploited by, these
pernicious groups, have been women. Furthermore, in 2019, my American associate,
Robert FitzPatrick, published 'Ponzinomics.' In this book, Robert not only goes
a long way towards identifying the true nature of the 'MLM commercial' cult
phenomenon, but he also traces the origins and evolution of the Big 'MLM' Lie
and explains how a pair of its earliest creators managed to obtain the
highest-level of protection in the USA. As a result, politically appointed
senior Federal Trade Commission officials effectively raised the white flag of
surrender to predatory criminals, albeit dressed up as respectable businessmen,
when, starting in the 1970s and despite rising levels of complaint across the
USA, they set aside an established, common-sense legal precedent which had
automatically identified and banned all endless-chain (infinite level) recruitment
frauds, previously labelled as, 'pyramid selling schemes.' For, even though it
had been under investigation for years and was facing civil prosecution, these senior
FTC officials eventually latched onto a convenient pretext not to go ahead and shut-down
the corporate-front for the original 'MLM commercial' cult, upon which
all subsequent versions have been, and continue to be, modelled. This dubious
decision was evidently made, in part, because the bosses of 'Amway,' Messrs.
Richard DeVos and Jay Van Andel, with a Bible in one hand and the Stars and
Stripes in the other, had purchased association with their local congressman (fifth
Michigan district) with significant quantities of stolen money. The beneficiary
of these ill-gotten gains was none other than Gerald Rudolph Ford Jnr. - a
politician not exactly noted for his intellectual capacity, but nonetheless
someone of great influence. For those readers who are perhaps too young to remember
him, Gerald Ford was leader of the Republican party in the House of
Representatives 1965-1973, becoming US vice-president under Richard Nixon when,
in 1973, Spiro Agnew (who was under investigation for corruption), pled guilty to
a minor felony charge and was obliged to resign. Ford went on to become US
president 1974-1976 after Nixon himself was obliged to resign rather than face
certain impeachment over the Watergate scandal. Thus, Ford remains the only
person to have held both the office of US vice-president and US president,
without being elected to either. He is also the president who granted a pardon
to Nixon for the crimes he'd committed whilst in office.
However, the co-opting of Gerald Ford to play the role of
‘Amway’s’ useful idiot was only one step in DeVos and Van Andel’s
well-financed infiltration, and subversion, of the US legislative process and justice
system. Indeed, there can be absolutely no doubt that, culminating in 1979, the
chiefs of an important civil regulatory agency of the US federal government
played politics, and in so doing, completely failed in their appointed task of
protecting the American public. As a direct consequence, the FTC brought about
the birth of the essentially meaningless phrase, 'Multi-Level Marketing is
legal.' In this way, a ridiculous, but nonetheless insidious, endless-chain
(infinite level) recruitment fraud was effectively authorized in the USA by an
unaccountable little clique of self-serving bureaucrats. Furthermore, this
major American regulatory lapse permitted the profitable racket of 'MLM commercial'
cultism not only to be extensively reproduced in the USA, but also to be
exported around the world, now hidden behind the pretence that ‘the MLM
business model (as developed by the founders of the Amway Corporation)’ had
been ‘thoroughly examined and approved by the US government… So, anyone calling
it a fraud must be a deranged, hate-filled anti-capitalist or crazy conspiracy
theorist.' Not surprisingly, subsequent generations of politically
appointed senior FTC officials have all refused to admit publicly to their
predecessors' catastrophic failure and their own gross negligence - for which,
one day, a sitting American government might find itself liable. In this way, the
Big ‘MLM’ Lie was permitted to transform and expand into a well-oiled
machine for stealing and laundering money on a global scale - each year
bringing billions of dollars into the USA, and all right under the noses of complacent
officials who have continued to allow this plunder to be falsely declared, with
the paid-compliance of some of the world's largest accountancy firms, as 'retail
sales revenue.' However, plenty of senior FTC types, as well as
high-ranking US politicians, including a certain Donald John Trump, have all
had their snouts planted in this almost bottomless trough of foreign and
domestic loot, set before them by the bosses of a multiplication of 'Amway' copy-cat
'MLM' cultic rackets whose essentially identical camouflaged criminal
activities they have conveniently refused to identify. Indeed, the number of
senior FTC officials who have sold their souls and signed lucrative employment
contracts with 'MLM' front-companies, or law and accountancy firms, co-opted
to hear no evil, see no evil and speak no evil whilst playing along with the
Big 'MLM' Lie, is truly astonishing.
All this begs the not unreasonable question: other than
enabling a growing number of unoriginal gangs of devious con artists to get
away with thieving from the entire planet for the best part of half a century,
what exactly has been the point of having such a spineless, easily-corrupted
and, therefore useless government agency as the FTC?, when in 'Ponzinomics' one
independent American does far-more to protect his fellow citizens from the Big 'MLM'
Lie, than the entire one thousand five hundred+ FTC staff (including more
than five hundred attorneys and seventy economists, with an annual budget of hundreds
of millions of dollars) have ever done. In fact, Robert explains in great
detail why, completely contrary to the ambiguous official message broadcast by
the FTC for decades, it has not just been ‘a few bad apples,’ but all 'Amway'
copy-cat so-called 'MLM income opportunities' that have been centrally
controlled rigged-market swindles, hiding their inevitable, effectively 100%, overall
net-loss/churn rates of endless-chains of transient losing investors. For
the crack-pot pseudo-economic theory which has been falsely-labelled the
'MLM business model,' was maliciously designed to be flawed-financially, to
the point where it would be impossible for any so-called 'MLM' company
to derive the majority of its revenue lawfully from persons who are not persons
motivated by the false expectation of a future reward. In even more
accurate terms, 'MLM commercial' cults have all comprised groups, and
sub-groups, of susceptible individuals who have been subjected to identifiable,
co-ordinated devious techniques of social, psychological and physical
persuasion designed to shut down their critical and evaluative faculties, and thereby
convert them, without their fully informed consent, to the self-perpetuating
and self-gratifying, but ultimately self-destructive, delusional belief that: endless
recruitment + endless purchases by the recruits = endless profits for the
recruits. For this reason, Robert FitzPatrick coined the word,
'Ponzinomics,' in an attempt to place an appropriate label on the financially suicidal
activity that, to their eternal shame, generations of senior FTC officials,
their advisers and political masters, have permitted to be passed off and
normalized around the world as, ‘a viable and legal part of the direct
selling industry.'
Thus, 'Ponzinomics' can be briefly defined as the
dark art of peddling unwitting persons infinite shares of their own
finite money, because what the FTC has consistently refused to acknowledge
publicly, is the undeniable fact that any claim, or implication, that one
penny of extra net-income, let alone life-changing sums of
money, can be generated lawfully by participating in an 'MLM income opportunity,'
is dangerous comic-book nonsense designed to entice and deceive. Indeed, it
should be glaringly obvious that the Big ‘MLM’ Lie is far-too-good to be
true, whilst it's no secret that what used to be the traditional direct selling
industry (once known as ‘door-to-door peddling’), has long-since died out. Its
demise being due to many evolving social and economic factors; not least the
arrival of supermarkets, hard-discount stores and online shopping. Furthermore,
'MLM' products/services have been offered at fixed, often exorbitant,
prices, rendering them effectively unsaleable on the open market to persons
with fully functioning critical and evaluative faculties; whilst no so-called 'MLM'
company has ever set common-sense limits on the number of contractors being
recruited, or on the areas of population where these so-called 'distributors/direct
sellers' are supposed to find customers. Just imagine what would
happen if the bosses of McDonalds fixed the price of their company’s hamburgers
at twice that of their competitors and set no limits on the number of
franchises they sold, or any restrictions on the locations where all these demonstrably
unviable catering establishments were supposed to operate shoulder to shoulder?
Once the utter absurdity of the so-called 'MLM
business model' is fully understood, anyone with a modicum of common-sense,
and/or the most-rudimentary hands-on experience of commerce, ought to be
immediately able to deduce that no ‘Amway’ copy-cat company can ever
have been, or will ever be, found by the FTC (or any other civil, or criminal,
law enforcement agency for that matter) voluntarily disclosing the true results
of its economically incestuous activities and operating lawfully. Indeed, this
ongoing situation is beyond farcical, because when asked the most obvious of
questions, it goes without saying that American regulators and their academic
advisers, have never been able to come up with one solitary example of a
so-called 'MLM' company that would be able pass independent rigorous
inspection. Yet despite the lengthy list of common-sense reasons proving that
there can be no such thing as ‘a viable and legal MLM income opportunity,' FTC
officials, guided by a cabal of smug dunces with diplomas, came up with a truly
pointless and stupid ‘test.’ This boils down to them throwing
common-sense out of the window whilst laboriously trying, on rare occasions and
on a case-by-case basis, to determine that a so-called 'MLM' company, suspected
of being a pyramid scheme, has not been deriving the majority of its income
lawfully from authentic retail sales (based entirely on value and demand) to
members of the general public (persons who have not been contractors of the
so-called 'MLM' company motivated by the false expectation of a future
reward). Thus, since 1979, less than forty ‘Amway’ copycats have been investigated
and shut down by the FTC as dissimulated pyramid schemes, whilst hundreds more
have continued to appear, but without the slightest attempt to stop them.
Laughably, FTC officials have listed other ‘pyramid scheme red flags' for the
public to look out for, and the agency has even posted warnings that 'MLM
companies have caused, and are still causing, extensive damage to consumers,
because some MLM income opportunities are pyramid schemes in disguise.' At
the same time, American regulators, without the slightest concern for the
extensive damage they themselves have caused and are still causing, have
continued bleating the Big Lie, by insisting that 'MLM is a viable
and legal branch of the direct selling industry.' Yet no one at the FTC has
ever seen a shred of quantifiable evidence proving that this ridiculous adult
fairy story can be true. In fact, when asked in the most specific of terms,
if they have ever seen such evidence, like income-tax payment receipts, it has
been impossible to get any meaningful, let alone the only truthful, response to
this simple ‘yes/no’ question. Another highly revealing question that FTC types
have obviously shied away from answering, is: what would be your own reaction
if a vulnerable individual you care about suddenly underwent a radical
personality transformation, and declared that he/she had signed up for a
so-called 'MLM income opportunity?' Thus, in respect of their Orwellian refusal
to tell the truth publicly, and identify this text book example of a Big Lie,
Robert FitzPatrick has compared the inflexible attitude of FTC officials, and
their advisers, to a body of humourless scientists who have been paid to investigate
the manifestly preposterous claim that 'pigs might fly,' but after
decades of examining an assortment of wingless swine, they still insist on
continuing their futile, but financially profitable, quest whilst
systematically refusing to consider even the suggestion that there can be no
such mythical creature.
At this point, I should perhaps declare that, although I
am an 'MLM commercial' cult survivor, I was never an adherent of one of
these pernicious groups. Unfortunately, I found myself shackled financially to
a person, my only brother, who at a time of vulnerability, had fallen completely
under the spell of the Big 'MLM' Lie. Again, when these disturbing events
started to unfold, I did not fully understand that my brother was perfect prey
to be lured and defrauded, then used as bedazzled-bait to lure and defraud
others; all for the benefit of a little gang of sanctimonious American
billionaire-charlatans posing as 'Compassionate Capitalists,' and whom
he had never met. Yet my brother was an ideal subject to be deceived, for the
simple reason that he was completely convinced that he was far too smart to
be deceived. Thus, once enslaved inside the ‘MLM’ trap, the most
powerful weapon in the hands of the criminals exploiting him, was my brother’s
own mind. However, initially I failed to grasp just how dangerously
deluded and devious 'MLM commercial' cult adherents can be. That said,
like many people whom they approach, I immediately realised that they are
living in a parallel reality, completely obsessed with trying to recruit you
into what is quite clearly a ludicrous pyramid scheme, but which they insist is
'part of the legal MLM direct selling industry and definitely not a pyramid
scheme.' What took me much longer to fathom, is that core-'MLM commercial'
cult adherents are also living by a parallel, and perverted, code of
morality. Their destructive behaviour is controlled by the self-righteous
guided-delusion that, by recruiting you, and even by lying to you, they are ultimately
helping both themselves and you to achieve future redemption in a secure Utopian
existence - a form of Capitalist Paradise on Earth - where no one
has a job, but everyone is his/her ‘own boss’ - a happy, healthy, prosperous
and free 'MLM business owner.'
Thus, it should always be remembered that chronic 'MLM'
adherents' belief can be quite genuine, but what they believe in, and have
bought into body and soul, is a colossal and bedazzling fake. The irony of all
this being, that the Big 'MLM' Lie has continued to thrive, because its most-fanatical
adherents have been tricked into wasting their own time and money spreading it
and hiding the truth about it, combined with law enforcement agents' and
legislators' chronic, and catastrophic, failure to identify it accurately. Although
they have no idea what they are really involved in, active 'MLM' adherents
are, in fact, proselytising-evangelists for a camouflaged, non-rational, ritual
belief system (call it a 'perverted religion' if you like) which has been
maliciously designed not only to spread like a contagion - enticing, deceiving,
robbing, exploiting and abusing susceptible individuals and their friends and
families - but also to load its victims with shame and guilt for their
inevitable failure to succeed, and thus, prevent them from facing reality and
complaining. Consequently, whilst they remain under the control of the Big 'MLM'
Lie, its most-dangerous adherents should be seen for what they
really are - the deluded deployable agents of a de facto syndicate comprising
the bosses of some the most widespread, socially, psychologically and
financially destructive organized cultic crime groups to have emerged in recent
history.
